The Sub-Fund’s investment portfolio may fall in value due to any of the key risk factors below and therefore your investment in the Sub-Fund may suffer losses. There is no guarantee of the repayment of principal. There is no assurance that the Sub-Fund will achieve its investment objective.
New innovation risk: Ether is a relatively new innovation and the market for ether is subject to rapid price swings, changes and uncertainty. It is not backed by any authorities, government or corporations. Continued and further development of the Ethereum Network and the acceptance and use of ether are subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to predict or evaluate. Any cessation or reversal of such development of the Ethereum Network or the acceptance of ether may adversely affect the price of ether and thus the Sub-Fund’s investment.
Unforeseeable risks: Given the rapidly evolving nature of ether, including advancements in the underlying technology, market disruptions and resulting governmental interventions that are unforeseeable, an investor may be exposed to additional risks which cannot currently be predicted.
Speculative risk: Ether is highly speculative as it has limited track record and lack of intrinsic value. Its value is primarily driven by supply and demand dynamics within the ether market and does not generate cash flows.
Extreme price volatility risk: Investing in ether and related products is highly volatile compared to investments in traditional securities, and their price movements are difficult to predict. The prices of ether have historically been extremely volatile. For example, the price of ether dropped 76% during the period from 10 November 2021 to 9 November 2022. Also, the value of ether could decline significantly in a short period of time and without warning, including to zero. For example, in 2020, the biggest single-day drop of the price of ether was 44%. The value of the Sub-Fund’s investments in ether could decline significantly and without warning, including to zero.
Risk relating to the limited history of ether: Ether and the Ethereum Network have a limited history, therefore, it is unclear how all elements of ether will unfold over time, specifically with regard to governance between miners, developers and users, as well as the long-term security model as the mining reward of ether decreases over time. Insufficient software development or any other unforeseen challenges that the ether community is not able to resolve could have an adverse impact on ether price and thus the Sub-Fund’s investment.
Cybersecurity, fraud, market manipulation and security failure risk: Ether may be subject to the risk of fraud, theft, manipulation or security failures, operational or other problems that impact ether trading venues. In particular, the Ethereum Network and entities that hold ether in custody or facilitate the transfers or trading of ether are vulnerable to various cyber attacks. Malicious actors may also exploit flaws in the code or structure in the Ethereum Network that will allow them to, among other things, steal ether held by others, control the blockchain, steal personally identifying information, or issue significant amounts of ether in contravention of the protocols. The occurrence of any of the above may have negative impact on the price of ether and thus the Sub-Fund’s investment.
Concentration of ownership risk: A significant portion of ether is held by a small number of holders who may have the ability to manipulate the price of ether. As a result, large sales by such holders could have an adverse effect of the market price of ether.
Changes in acceptance of ether: The value of ether is subject to risks related to its usage and there is no assurance that ether usage will continue to grow over the long-term to support its value. Reduction or slowdown in the acceptance and/or prevalence of ether may result in lack of liquidity, increased volatility or a significant reduction in the price of ether and thus the Sub-Fund’s investment.
Custody Risk: Ownership and rights to ether depend on securely storing and knowing the private key. If the private key is lost without a backup, access to the corresponding ether address is lost as well, with no possibility of restoration by the Ethereum Network. While the Manager has conducted due diligence on the Sub-Custodian and believes that there are security procedures in place for the Sub-Fund by the Sub-Custodian, the Manager does not control the Sub-Custodian’s or the virtual asset trading platforms’ operations or their implementation of such security procedures and there can be no assurance that such security procedures will actually work as designed or prove to be successful in safeguarding the Sub-Fund’s assets against all possible sources of theft, loss or damage. While the Sub-Custodian will store most of the Sub-Fund’s ether holdings in the cold wallet (i.e. where the private keys to ether are kept in an offline environment), the Sub-Fund’s ether may be temporarily held online in the hot wallet (i.e. where the private keys to ether are kept in an online environment) for meeting the needs of subscriptions and redemptions, which is more susceptible to cyber-attacks. Any insurance coverage obtained by or for the Custodian/Sub-Custodian is solely for the benefit of the Custodian/Sub-Custodian and does not guarantee or insure the Sub-Fund in any way. There is no third-party insurance held on behalf of the ether accounts. The Sub-Fund itself does not insure its holdings in ether. While the Sub-Custodian is required by the applicable Laws and Regulations to have in place a compensation arrangement to cover potential loss of client Virtual Assets through third-party insurance or other permitted means, such compensation arrangement is shared among all clients of the Sub-Custodian and is not specific to the Sub-Fund. There is no assurance that such compensation arrangement is adequate to protect the Virtual Assets of the Sub-Fund from all possible losses. Where the compensation arrangement of the Sub-Custodian is not sufficient to cover the loss of Virtual Assets of the Sub-Fund, neither the Manager nor the Sub-Fund will be responsible for the shortfall.
Counterparty Risk: Counterparty risk involves the risk that a counterparty or third party (e.g. the Custodian, the Sub-Custodian and virtual asset trading platform(s)) will not fulfil its obligations to a Sub-Fund and settle a transaction in accordance with market practice. A Sub-Fund may be exposed to the risk of a counterparty through investments. A Sub-Fund may be exposed to the credit risk of any Custodian, Sub-Custodian and virtual asset trading platform(s), or any depository used by the Custodian where cash or other Scheme Property is held by the Custodian, Sub-Custodian or other depositaries. In the event of the insolvency of the Custodian, Sub-Custodian or other depositaries, a Sub-Fund will be treated as a general creditor of the Custodian, Sub-Custodian or other depositaries in relation to cash holdings of the relevant Sub-Fund. The Sub-Fund’s investments are however maintained by the Custodian, Sub-Custodian or other depositaries in segregated accounts and should be protected in the event of insolvency of the Custodian, Sub-Custodian or other depositaries. A Custodian may be unable to perform its obligations due to credit-related and other events like insolvency of or default of it. In these circumstances the relevant Sub-Fund may be required to unwind certain transactions and may encounter delays of some years and difficulties with respect to court procedures in seeking recovery of the relevant Sub-Fund’s assets.
Regulatory risk: The regulation on ether, digital assets and related products and services continues to evolve and increase. To the extent that future regulatory actions or policies limit or restrict ether usage, ether trading or the ability to convert ether to fiat currencies, the demand for and value of ether may be reduced significantly. Changes to existing regulation (e.g., regarding dealing in virtual asset-related products) may also impact the ability of the Sub-Fund to achieve its investment objective or operate as planned.
Fork risk: As the Ethereum Network is an open-source project, the developers may suggest changes to the ethereum software from time to time. If the updated ethereum software is not compatible with the original ethereum software and a sufficient number (but not necessarily a majority) of users and miners elect not to migrate to the updated ethereum software, this would result in a “hard fork” of the Ethereum Network, with one prong running the earlier version of the ethereum software and the other running the updated ethereum software, resulting in the existence of two versions of Ethereum Network running in parallel and a split of the blockchain underlying the Ethereum Network. The occurrence of such “fork” may result in an adverse impact on the price and liquidity of ether and thus the Sub-Fund’s investment.
Air drop risk: A substantial giveaway of ether to participants in the Ethereum Network (sometimes referred to as an “air drop”) may result in a significant and unexpected declines in the value of ether and thus the Sub-Fund’s investment.
Contagion risk: The collapse of any major players in the crypto ecosystem (for example, wallets and exchanges) may have contagious adverse effects on the values of virtual assets including ether and the value of the Sub-Fund’s investments.
Control and potential manipulation of Ethereum Network risk: Ethereum Network is vulnerable to malicious attack and malicious actor would be able to gain full control of the network and the ability to manipulate the blockchain. If an entity gains control of over 51% of the compute power (requiring 51% ownership of the ether that is staked with validators) the entity could use its majority share to double spend ether (i.e. the entity would send ether to one recipient, which is confirmed in the existing blockchain, while also creating a shadow blockchain that sends that same ether to another entity under its control). After a period of time, the entity will release its hidden blockchain and reverse previously confirmed transactions, and due to the way mining works, that new blockchain will become the record of truth. This would significantly erode trust in the Ethereum Network as a store of value and means of exchange which may significantly decrease the value of the ether and in turn the NAV of the Shares. The two largest miners or pools of Ethereum control in the aggregate more than 51% of the Ethereum Network.
Illicit use of ether: Ether can be used to purchase illegal goods, fund illicit activities or launder money. Negative developments of ether may affect the general outlook on the industry as a whole, trigger governmental intervention/restrictions/regulations, and may have adverse effect on the Sub-Fund’s investments.